The Heart Its Diseases and Functions
Introduction
You need your heart for all your body
needs. It pumps about 2000
gallons of blood
a day. It takes about 20 seconds for
blood to reach
every cell in the
body. An artery carries blood out from
the heart. A
vein carries
blood back to the heart. An average
adult heart weighs about
10-13 ounces (300
to 350 grams). The rate which the heart
pumps varies
depending on what
your doing. When at rest the heart pumps
more slowly.
When you run the
heart rate increases to provide muscles and other tissues
with additional
oxygen they need. The typical heart rate
is 72 beats per
minute. Each beat gives out 2-3 ounces of blood
pumped into the arterial
system. At this heart rate it beats about 104,000
times a day. The
Superior and
Inferior are the biggest veins in the body.
The Superior is
really the biggest. These veins have a
lot of
carbon dioxide
and have oxygen-poor blood. The aorta is
the biggest
artery in the
whole body. Which will be covered in the
report. The
pulmonary vein
takes the blood out of the heart and takes it to the
lungs.
Today we will
talk about many different parts of the heart:
The Three Layers
of Muscle, Atriums, Ventricles, Systole and Diastole,
Treatments for
the Heart, Valves, and many Diseases.
The Three Layers of Muscle
The heart has
three layers of a muscular wall. A thin
layer of tissue,
the pericardium covers the outside, and another layer,
the endocardium,
lines the inside. The myocardium is the
middle layer and
is the biggest of
all. Myocardial Infarction is a disease
later read
about in this
report. The pericardium is a fibrous sac
which is very
smooth
lining. In the space space between the
pericardium and epicardium
is a small amount
of fluid. This fluid makes the movement
of the heart
muscles
smooth. Myocardium is the heart muscle
itself.
Atriums
The right atrium
is a low pressure pump that moves blood into the
right ventricle
through the tricuspid valve. The atria
are the two upper
chambers of the
heart. The right atrium receives blood
from the veins
which is low in
oxygen and high in carbon dioxide; this blood is then
transferred to
the right lower chamber, or right ventricle, and is pumped
into the lungs.
Ventricles
The ventricle is
a muscular chamber that pumps blood out of the heart
and into the
circulatory system.
Right Ventricle
The right ventricle has a thicker and
stronger muscular wall than
the right
atrium. The right ventricle pumps the
oxygen-poor blood through
the pulmonic
valve into the lungs where blood gives up carbon dioxide it
has carried from
tissues. At the same time blood absorbs
oxygen. From
the lungs pumping
action moves blood to a receiving chamber on the other
side of the
heart. The left atrium, gently pumps the
blood to the left
ventricle through
the mitral valve.
Left Ventricle
The left
ventricle gives a powerful pumping action
to send the
oxygen enriched in blood into the aorta.
The aorta is the
principal artery
which subdivides and delivers the blood to the body's
tissues including
brain, organs, and extremities.
Systole and Diastole
Systole is the
contraction of the ventricles of the heart which
forces blood
out. Diastole is the relaxation of
ventricles to allow blood
to enter.
Treatments for the Heart
Angioplasty is a
technique used to clear arteries that have become
blocked with
fatty deposits. Angiography is used to
x-ray the blood
vessels.
Valves
In the heart
there are two valves that prevent backflow of blood
from the
ventricles into the atria. On the right
side of the heart is the
tricuspid valve,
composed of three flaps of tissue; on the left is the
two-piece mitral
valve.
DISEASES
Congenital Disorders
Range of minor to
serious congenital disorders are very evident at or
shortly after
birth.
Ventricular Septal Defect
Ventricular
Septal Defect is most common for heart malformation. An infant
born with a
defect has an opening between the lower chambers (ventricles)
of its heart so
there is an increased blood flow from the left side to the
right side
because the left side has more pressure than right side. The
lungs at this
state are under very high in pressure.
Treatment for
this disease depends on it size of defect.
About 30%-50% of
small defects
close spontaneously during the first year of life.
Artrial Septal Defect
Atrial Septal
defect is a opening which is high in the heart between the
upper chambers
(atria). This disease is more common in female infants
than in male
infants, and it often occurs with children who have Down
syndrome.
Disorders of Heart Rate and Rhythm
The control
mechanism for heart rate involves electrical impulses. One
of the four
chambers, right atrium, contains group cells called sinus
node. The sinus node acts as a pacemaker, which
produces electrical
impulses that
signal the muscle of the heart to expand and to contract
in the pumping
cycle. The heart rate of a human can get
up to 200 beats
a minute if you
exert yourself. If something goes wrong
with the sinus
node and normal
pacing of heart is disturbed or
bothered, one of a number
of rhythmic
disorders can happen.
Too rapid or fast
of a heartbeat is called tachycardia, and too slow of a
heartbeat is
called bradycardia. The heart can also be affected by
tobacco or use of
other drugs.
Heart Arrhythmias
Here are some
signs of this disease: None, skipped heartbeats,
light-headedness,
chest discomfort, and shortness of breath.
If the
rhythm of heart
beat is disturbed problem is arrhythmia.
You maybe unaware
of the problem.
Heart Murmurs
Heart murmurs can
be heard by a physician as a soft hissing sound
which follow the
normal sounds of heart action. Heart murmurs can tell
you if that blood
is leaking out through a valve and can signal a serious
heart
problem. Heart murmurs can sometimes fix
themselves.
Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial
infarction is a disease of myocardium muscle in the heart.
Heart muscle and
it's linings can get a disease for instance myocardial
infarction. You might not have done anything wrong even
though, but it
still could
happen. Myocardium gets blood from the
coronary artery. When
not enough blood
reaches the this muscle it is called myocardial
infarction. It is usually rare, but it can damage the
heart muscle very
badly.
Cardiomyopathy
Here are some
signs for this disease: short times of fast heartbeats,
breathlessness,
weakness, chest pain, fainting, and fluid retention.
Fluid retention
is also known as redema. Redema means
swelling of body
tissues due to
excessive fluid. When the muscle of the
heart is damaged
or defective it
could led to a disease known as cardiomyopathy.
This
could happen by bacteria
or enlargement of the wall.
Diseases and Disorders for Heart Valves
Each valve
consists of 2 or 3 thin folds of tissues.
When closed valve
prevents blood
from flowing to the next chamber or from returning from
the previous
one. When a valve opening is narrowed
and flow through is
limited, the
condition is stenosis. Each valve may be
subject to stenosis
or
obstruction. In some cases a valve will
lose its shape or sag
(prolapse) or
fail to close which causes a back flow of blood
(regurgitation)
could also be caused by infection or congenital problems.
Tachycardia
Tachycardia
occurs normally during and after exercise or during stress
and represents no
danger to healthy individuals. In some
cases, however,
tachycardia
occurs without apparent cause.The heart can beat as many as
240 times per
minute in tachycardia. Tachycardia can
be ended by lying
down.
Vascular System and
Diseases of It
The vascular
system consists of blood vessels in the body.
The vessels
become smaller as they extend farther from the heart.
The aorta
delivers its flow to large arteries into smaller vessels.
Arterioles supply
tiny capillaries which nourish tissues.
Oxygen is
going from the
capillaries to the tissues, and carbon dioxide from
tissues taken up
into the capillaries. Arteries have to
be strong as
well as flexible
because of the pressure of the blood being pumped
through the
venous system. Veins get bigger when
they get closer to
the heart.
Disorders of Blood Vessels
A disease or a
disorder for the blood vessels can be fatal.
Coronary Artery Disease
The coronary
arteries supply and maintain the myocardium. Coronary
artery disease
can cause a heart attack or hypertension when blood
vessels get small
or filled up with cholesterol, scar tissue, or
calcium. Other problems can happen also. For instance disorders for the
heart valves or
for the heart muscle and pericardium.
Conclusion
The heart is something
you need every day you can't live with out it.
Exercise, eat a
balanced diet, and always have checkups.
People don't
think a checkup
will really do anything, but believe it because it will.
You might not
know you have something wrong with your heart or something
else in your body
and then you might get ill. So, don't
eat junky foods
too often. Keep your heart safe and healthy as long as
you can.
Today I have
talked about the heart and many other things as well such
as the diseases
of the heart, the vascular system, and more.
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